'I've always had power, and sometimes I felt like I was leading the blind to a dark alley,' Snoop says on 'RapFix Live.'
By Rob Markman
Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1706303/snoop-lion-boston-bombings.jhtml
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Public release date: 24-Apr-2013
Share ] Contact: Christian Schipke
c.schipke@fz-juelich.de
49-246-161-3835
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
Resistive memory cells (ReRAM) are regarded as a promising solution for future generations of computer memories. They will dramatically reduce the energy consumption of modern IT systems while significantly increasing their performance. Unlike the building blocks of conventional hard disk drives and memories, these novel memory cells are not purely passive components but must be regarded as tiny batteries. This has been demonstrated by researchers of Jlich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), whose findings have now been published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications. The new finding radically revises the current theory and opens up possibilities for further applications. The research group has already filed a patent application for their first idea on how to improve data readout with the aid of battery voltage.
Conventional data memory works on the basis of electrons that are moved around and stored. However, even by atomic standards, electrons are extremely small. It is very difficult to control them, for example by means of relatively thick insulator walls, so that information will not be lost over time. This does not only limit storage density, it also costs a great deal of energy. For this reason, researchers are working feverishly all over the world on nanoelectronic components that make use of ions, i.e. charged atoms, for storing data. Ions are some thousands of times heavier that electrons and are therefore much easier to 'hold down'. In this way, the individual storage elements can almost be reduced to atomic dimensions, which enormously improves the storage density.
In resistive switching memory cells (ReRAMs), ions behave on the nanometre scale in a similar manner to a battery. The cells have two electrodes, for example made of silver and platinum, at which the ions dissolve and then precipitate again. This changes the electrical resistance, which can be exploited for data storage. Furthermore, the reduction and oxidation processes also have another effect. They generate electric voltage. ReRAM cells are therefore not purely passive systems they are also active electrochemical components. Consequently, they can be regarded as tiny batteries whose properties provide the key to the correct modelling and development of future data storage.
In complex experiments, the scientists from Forschungszentrum Jlich and RWTH Aachen University determined the battery voltage of typical representatives of ReRAM cells and compared them with theoretical values. This comparison revealed other properties (such as ionic resistance) that were previously neither known nor accessible. "Looking back, the presence of a battery voltage in ReRAMs is self-evident. But during the nine-month review process of the paper now published we had to do a lot of persuading, since the battery voltage in ReRAM cells can have three different basic causes, and the assignment of the correct cause is anything but trivial," says Dr. Ilia Valov, the electrochemist in Prof. Rainer Waser's research group.
The new finding is of central significance, in particular, for the theoretical description of the memory components. To date, ReRAM cells have been described with the aid of the concept of memristors a portmanteau word composed of "memory" and "resistor". The theoretical concept of memristors can be traced back to Leon Chua in the 1970s. It was first applied to ReRAM cells by the IT company Hewlett-Packard in 2008. It aims at the permanent storage of information by changing the electrical resistance. The memristor theory leads to an important restriction. It is limited to passive components. "The demonstrated internal battery voltage of ReRAM elements clearly violates the mathematical construct of the memristor theory. This theory must be expanded to a whole new theory to properly describe the ReRAM elements," says Dr. Eike Linn, the specialist for circuit concepts in the group of authors. This also places the development of all micro- and nanoelectronic chips on a completely new footing.
"The new findings will help to solve a central puzzle of international ReRAM research," says Prof. Rainer Waser, deputy spokesman of the collaborative research centre SFB 917 'Nanoswitches' established in 2011. In recent years, these puzzling aspects include unexplained long-term drift phenomena or systematic parameter deviations, which had been attributed to fabrication methods. "In the light of this new knowledge, it is possible to specifically optimize the design of the ReRAM cells, and it may be possible to discover new ways of exploiting the cells' battery voltage for completely new applications, which were previously beyond the reach of technical possibilities," adds Waser, whose group has been collaborating for years with companies such as Intel and Samsung Electronics in the field of ReRAM elements. His research group has already filed a patent application for their first idea on how to improve data readout with the aid of battery voltage.
###
Original publication:
I. Valov,E. Linn, S. Tappertzhofen, S. Schmelzer, J. van den Hurk, F. Lentz & R. Waser
Nanobatteries in redox-based resistive switches require extension of memristor theory
Nature Communications. 23 April 2013
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2784
Further information:
Jlich Aachen Research Alliance for Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies (JARA-FIT): http://www.jara.org/de/research/jara-fit/
Electronic Materials Research Lab (EMRL): http://www.emrl.de/h_.html
SFB 917 Nanoswitches: http://www.sfb917.rwth-aachen.de/
Contact:
Prof. Rainer Waser
Peter Grnberg Institute (PGI-7), Electronic Materials, Forschungszentrum Jlich & Institut fr Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II (IWE II), RWTH Aachen
Tel. +49 241 8027812
waser@iwe.rwth-aachen.de
Press contact:
Christian Schipke, Jlich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)
Tel. +49 2461 61-3835
c.schipke@fz-juelich.de
Tobias Schler, Forschungszentrum Jlich
Tel. +49 2461 61-4771
t.schloesser@fz-juelich.de
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 24-Apr-2013 Share ] Contact: Christian Schipke
c.schipke@fz-juelich.de
49-246-161-3835
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
Resistive memory cells (ReRAM) are regarded as a promising solution for future generations of computer memories. They will dramatically reduce the energy consumption of modern IT systems while significantly increasing their performance. Unlike the building blocks of conventional hard disk drives and memories, these novel memory cells are not purely passive components but must be regarded as tiny batteries. This has been demonstrated by researchers of Jlich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), whose findings have now been published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications. The new finding radically revises the current theory and opens up possibilities for further applications. The research group has already filed a patent application for their first idea on how to improve data readout with the aid of battery voltage.
Conventional data memory works on the basis of electrons that are moved around and stored. However, even by atomic standards, electrons are extremely small. It is very difficult to control them, for example by means of relatively thick insulator walls, so that information will not be lost over time. This does not only limit storage density, it also costs a great deal of energy. For this reason, researchers are working feverishly all over the world on nanoelectronic components that make use of ions, i.e. charged atoms, for storing data. Ions are some thousands of times heavier that electrons and are therefore much easier to 'hold down'. In this way, the individual storage elements can almost be reduced to atomic dimensions, which enormously improves the storage density.
In resistive switching memory cells (ReRAMs), ions behave on the nanometre scale in a similar manner to a battery. The cells have two electrodes, for example made of silver and platinum, at which the ions dissolve and then precipitate again. This changes the electrical resistance, which can be exploited for data storage. Furthermore, the reduction and oxidation processes also have another effect. They generate electric voltage. ReRAM cells are therefore not purely passive systems they are also active electrochemical components. Consequently, they can be regarded as tiny batteries whose properties provide the key to the correct modelling and development of future data storage.
In complex experiments, the scientists from Forschungszentrum Jlich and RWTH Aachen University determined the battery voltage of typical representatives of ReRAM cells and compared them with theoretical values. This comparison revealed other properties (such as ionic resistance) that were previously neither known nor accessible. "Looking back, the presence of a battery voltage in ReRAMs is self-evident. But during the nine-month review process of the paper now published we had to do a lot of persuading, since the battery voltage in ReRAM cells can have three different basic causes, and the assignment of the correct cause is anything but trivial," says Dr. Ilia Valov, the electrochemist in Prof. Rainer Waser's research group.
The new finding is of central significance, in particular, for the theoretical description of the memory components. To date, ReRAM cells have been described with the aid of the concept of memristors a portmanteau word composed of "memory" and "resistor". The theoretical concept of memristors can be traced back to Leon Chua in the 1970s. It was first applied to ReRAM cells by the IT company Hewlett-Packard in 2008. It aims at the permanent storage of information by changing the electrical resistance. The memristor theory leads to an important restriction. It is limited to passive components. "The demonstrated internal battery voltage of ReRAM elements clearly violates the mathematical construct of the memristor theory. This theory must be expanded to a whole new theory to properly describe the ReRAM elements," says Dr. Eike Linn, the specialist for circuit concepts in the group of authors. This also places the development of all micro- and nanoelectronic chips on a completely new footing.
"The new findings will help to solve a central puzzle of international ReRAM research," says Prof. Rainer Waser, deputy spokesman of the collaborative research centre SFB 917 'Nanoswitches' established in 2011. In recent years, these puzzling aspects include unexplained long-term drift phenomena or systematic parameter deviations, which had been attributed to fabrication methods. "In the light of this new knowledge, it is possible to specifically optimize the design of the ReRAM cells, and it may be possible to discover new ways of exploiting the cells' battery voltage for completely new applications, which were previously beyond the reach of technical possibilities," adds Waser, whose group has been collaborating for years with companies such as Intel and Samsung Electronics in the field of ReRAM elements. His research group has already filed a patent application for their first idea on how to improve data readout with the aid of battery voltage.
###
Original publication:
I. Valov,E. Linn, S. Tappertzhofen, S. Schmelzer, J. van den Hurk, F. Lentz & R. Waser
Nanobatteries in redox-based resistive switches require extension of memristor theory
Nature Communications. 23 April 2013
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2784
Further information:
Jlich Aachen Research Alliance for Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies (JARA-FIT): http://www.jara.org/de/research/jara-fit/
Electronic Materials Research Lab (EMRL): http://www.emrl.de/h_.html
SFB 917 Nanoswitches: http://www.sfb917.rwth-aachen.de/
Contact:
Prof. Rainer Waser
Peter Grnberg Institute (PGI-7), Electronic Materials, Forschungszentrum Jlich & Institut fr Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II (IWE II), RWTH Aachen
Tel. +49 241 8027812
waser@iwe.rwth-aachen.de
Press contact:
Christian Schipke, Jlich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)
Tel. +49 2461 61-3835
c.schipke@fz-juelich.de
Tobias Schler, Forschungszentrum Jlich
Tel. +49 2461 61-4771
t.schloesser@fz-juelich.de
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/haog-bam042413.php
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Apr. 24, 2013 ? In a paper to be published in an upcoming issue of Energy & Environmental Science, researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory describe details of a low-cost, stable, effective catalyst that could replace costly platinum in the production of hydrogen. The catalyst, made from renewable soybeans and abundant molybdenum metal, produces hydrogen in an environmentally friendly, cost-effective manner, potentially increasing the use of this clean energy source.
The research has already garnered widespread recognition for Shilpa and Shweta Iyer, twin-sister high school students who contributed to the research as part of an internship under the guidance of Brookhaven chemist Wei-Fu Chen, supported by projects led by James Muckerman, Etsuko Fujita, and Kotaro Sasaki.
"This paper reports the 'hard science' from what started as the Iyer twins' research project and has resulted in the best-performing, non-noble-metal-containing hydrogen evolution catalyst yet known -- even better than bulk platinum metal," Muckerman said.
The project branches off from the Brookhaven group's research into using sunlight to develop alternative fuels. Their ultimate goal is to find ways to use solar energy -- either directly or via electricity generated by solar cells -- to convert the end products of hydrocarbon combustion, water and carbon dioxide, back into a carbon-based fuel. Dubbed "artificial photosynthesis," this process mimics how plants convert those same ingredients to energy in the form of sugars. One key step is splitting water, or water electrolysis.
"By splitting liquid water (H2O) into hydrogen and oxygen, the hydrogen can be regenerated as a gas (H2) and used directly as fuel," Sasaki explained. "We sought to fabricate a commercially viable catalyst from earth-abundant materials for application in water electrolysis, and the outcome is indeed superb."
." ..the best-performing, non-noble-metal-containing hydrogen evolution catalyst yet known..."
This form of hydrogen production could help the scientists achieve their ultimate goal.
"A very promising route to making a carbon-containing fuel is to hydrogenate carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide) using solar-produced hydrogen," said Fujita, who leads the artificial photosynthesis group in the Brookhaven Chemistry Department.
But with platinum as the main ingredient in the most effective water-splitting catalysts, the process is currently too costly to be economically viable.
Comsewogue High School students Shweta and Shilpa Iyer entered the lab as the search for a cost-effective replacement was on.
The Brookhaven team had already identified some promising leads with experiments demonstrating the potential effectiveness of low-cost molybdenum paired with carbon, as well as the use of nitrogen to confer some resistance to the corrosive, acidic environment required in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis cells. But these two approaches had not yet been tried together.
The students set out to identify plentiful and inexpensive sources of carbon and nitrogen, and test ways to combine them with a molybdenum salt.
"The students became excited about using familiar materials from their everyday lives to meet a real-world energy challenge," Chen recounted. The team tested a wide variety of sources of biomass -- leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and legumes -- with particular interest in those with high protein content because the amino acids that make up proteins are a rich source of nitrogen. High-protein soybeans turned out to be the best.
To make the catalyst the team ground the soybeans into a powder, mixed the powder with ammonium molybdate in water, then dried and heated the samples in the presence of inert argon gas. "A subsequent high temperature treatment (carburization) induced a reaction between molybdenum and the carbon and nitrogen components of the soybeans to produce molybdenum carbides and molybdenum nitrides," Chen explained. "The process is simple, economical, and environmentally friendly."
Electrochemical tests of the separate ingredients showed that molybdenum carbide is effective for converting H2O to H2, but not stable in acidic solution, while molybdenum nitride is corrosion-resistant but not efficient for hydrogen production. A nanostructured hybrid of these two materials, however, remained active and stable even after 500 hours of testing in a highly acidic environment.
"We attribute the high activity of the molybdenum-soy catalyst (MoSoy) to the synergistic effect between the molybdenum-carbide phase and the molybdenum-nitride phase in the composite material," Chen said.
Structural and chemical studies of the new catalyst conducted at Brookhaven's National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) and the Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN) are also reported in the paper, and provide further details underlying the high performance of this new catalyst.
"The presence of nitrogen and carbon atoms in the vicinity of the catalytic molybdenum center facilitates the production of hydrogen from water," Muckerman said.
The scientists also tested the MoSoy catalyst anchored on sheets of graphene -- an approach that has proven effective for enhancing catalyst performance in electrochemical devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and water electrolyzers. Using a high-resolution transmission microscope in Brookhven's Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, the scientists were able to observe the anchored MoSoy nanocrystals on 2D graphene sheets.
The graphene-anchored MoSoy catalyst surpassed the performance of pure platinum metal. Though not quite as active as commercially available platinum catalysts, the high performance of graphene-anchored MoSoy was extremely encouraging to the scientific team.
"The direct growth of anchored MoSoy nanocrystals on graphene sheets may enhance the formation of strongly coupled hybrid materials with intimate, seamless electron transfer pathways, thus accelerating the electron transfer rate for the chemical desorption of hydrogen from the catalyst, further reducing the energy required for the reaction to take place," Sasaki said.
The scientists are conducting additional studies to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the interaction at the catalyst-graphene interface, and exploring ways to further improve its performance.
In the paper, the authors -- including the two high-school students -- conclude: "This study unambiguously provides evidence that a cheap and earth-abundant transition metal such as molybdenum can be turned into an active catalyst by the controlled solid-state reaction with soybeans?The preparation of the MoSoy catalyst is simple and can be easily scaled up. Its long-term durability and ultra-low capital cost satisfy the prerequisites for its application in the construction of large-scale devices. These findings thus open up new prospects for combining inexpensive biomass and transition metals?to produce catalysts for electro-catalytic reactions."
Additional collaborators in this research were Chiu-Hui Wang and Yimei Zhu of Brookhaven Lab.
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/z7rfSFKmS_U/130424103132.htm
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HuffPost Live:
Actress and author Mariel Hemingway joins Jacob in the studio to discuss her new documentary "Running From Crazy"...and her first kiss, which apparently occurred at age 16 with Woody Allen in the film "Manhattan." Her partner and Running With Nature co-author Bobby Williams joins as well.
Read the whole story at HuffPost Live
"; var coords = [-5, -72]; // display fb-bubble FloatingPrompt.embed(this, html, undefined, 'top', {fp_intersects:1, timeout_remove:2000,ignore_arrow: true, width:236, add_xy:coords, class_name: 'clear-overlay'}); });Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/23/mariel-hemingway-woody-allen-first-kiss_n_3142561.html
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Dropcam, an iOS-friendly Wi-Fi-enabled camera system, recently updated their iPhone and iPad apps so that recording can kick in when you leave the house or at certain times of the day. As always, the Dropcam can push alerts to your iPhone or iPad when the camera detects movement and, if you're a subscriber, let you comb through up to 30 days of previously stored footage, complete with movement markers along the timeline and audio.
Of course, the primary use case for this kind of thing is for home security, but you can also open up the live stream publicly, which is great if you've got an ongoing event that you'd like to share with the world. The only major downside to the camera itself is that it's got to be plugged in all the time, but for a home security system, that shouldn't be much of a problem.
I'm finding myself more and more interested in connected home gadgets like Dropcam, Lockitron, and Lifx. Dropcam in particular seems like it's really easy to set up, and pretty useful, but what do you guys think? What kind of home security do you use? Is it hooked up to your iPhone in any way?
     |
Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/TheIphoneBlog/~3/hkwB5V3LLos/story01.htm
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UFC on Fuel 9's main card kicks off at 2 p.m. ET on Saturday. What questions will be answered by these fights in Sweden?
Who the heck is Ilir Latifi, anyway? When the Swedish MMA Federation stopped Alexander Gustafsson from fighting because of a cut, the UFC needed a quick replacement for the main event. Latifi, Gustafsson's training partner, stepped up, but we don't know much about him except that he's on a three-fight win streak. Will he take advantage of the opportunity?
Where does Gegard Mousasi rank in the UFC's stocked light heavyweight division? Mousasi has made a name for himself fighting in Strikeforce, Dream and Pride, but this is the first time UFC fans will get a look at him. Fighting against Latifi, a late replacement, Mousasi could show he is the dominant fighter he once was.
Will Matt Mitrione end his losing streak? It's been a rough go for the football-player-turned-fighter. After starting his career with five straight wins, Mitrione lost his last two. Can a bout with Philip de Fries, who is 1-2 in his last three fights, give Mitrione a chance to right the ship?
Can Ryan Couture step out from the shadow of his famous father? After spending all of his pro career in Strikeforce, Couture will finally fight in the UFC, where his father became a legend. He will also have to ignore the ongoing dispute between UFC president Dana White and his father. Will he be able to win over Ross Pearson and start his own legend?
Will UFC fans still tune in after the main event was changed so close to the fights? This is a tough one. Gustafsson was fighting for a possible title shot. Now, he's off the card, and the rest of it is filled with Strikeforce fighters making their UFC debut and "The Ultimate Fighter" castmembers. Will it be enough for fans to spend their Saturday afternoon watching the fights?
Is Papy Abedi the best name in the UFC? Yes. Yes, it is.
Source: http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/mma-cagewriter/six-questions-answered-ufc-fuel-9-154733854--mma.html
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SOUTH KINGSTOWN, R.I. (AP) ? The University of Rhode Island was under lockdown for about 2? hours Thursday after reports of someone with a gun on its rural South Kingstown campus, but police found no gunman, weapon or danger at any time.
Rhode Island State Police Capt. Frank Castellone said state police received calls at 11:22 a.m. reporting a person with a gun in a high-rise building that houses several academic departments and classrooms. According to police, a female professor believed she heard someone in her lecture hall say, "I'm a good guy and I have a gun."
"At that point things got crazy in the classroom," Castellone said.
By early afternoon, calm had returned. But classes were canceled for the rest of the day.
A toy Nerf gun was found inside a backpack that belonged to a student, police said, though they said they didn't know if it had any connection to the incident.
Police were considering a possible connection to an on-campus game run by a sanctioned student group called "Humans Vs. Zombies." Its website describes it as a game of tag that involves foam dart blasters but notes that "realistic looking weaponry" is prohibited.
Group president Ryan Cabral told The Associated Press he talked to players who were in the building at the time and he also reached out to campus police to answer any questions they had.
He insisted the game, which he said is played at hundreds of college campuses, had no connection to Thursday's scare. He said it was scheduled to end Friday, but was postponed until later in the semester.
Tori Danielson, a student in the physiology class taught by professor Barbara Van Sciver, said she was sitting in the back of the auditorium in Chafee Hall with several hundred students when a commotion started diagonally in front of her.
"All of a sudden, we heard someone yell, 'You're a nice guy! You're a nice guy!' and sounding scared," she said, adding that people started to move away from the area where the person was shouting. "Everybody started running and screaming out of the room, and our professor told us all to run. And everybody just ran out."
Danielson said she did not see a gun or hear shots. She said she couldn't tell whether a man or woman had been shouting or to whom they were talking.
"I didn't hear anybody say that there was a weapon, and I didn't see if there was. I was too far away," she said.
Attempts to reach Van Sciver were not immediately successful.
Gov. Lincoln Chafee said in a statement he's relieved no one was seriously injured. He said the state will review how the situation was handled. URI President David Dooley said the university, which has 13,000 undergraduates, also would review whether students took the lockdown seriously; many were walking around campus while the situation was going on despite being ordered to stay inside.
Law enforcement officers and police dogs entered Chafee Hall and searched it room by room. At least three people received minor injuries in the rush to exit the building, URI Police Chief Stephen Baker said.
URI students Michael Wharton and Robert Ferrante were on their way to an animal science class at Chafee Hall when they saw people streaming out of the building. Wharton, an 18-year-old freshman, said he heard someone yell, "Go, go! He's got a gun."
The two roommates then ran back to their dorm room.
"It was chaos," Ferrante, a 19-year-old freshman, said.
Paige Comstock, a 19-year-old sophomore, was on the second floor of Chafee Hall in a journalism class at the time. She said some of her classmates said they heard screams, then an alarm went off and a voice came over the loudspeaker warning of an emergency in the building.
"We didn't know if it was a drill," she said, but then the department head told them to leave immediately.
As she was going out, Comstock said she saw more than a dozen police officers rushing into the building.
Classes were set to resume Friday.
___
Associated Press writer Michelle R. Smith contributed to this report from Providence.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/uri-ends-lockdown-says-no-gun-gunman-campus-220602454.html
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By Brent Lang
LOS ANGELES (TheWrap.com) - Jim Carrey was considered for a key role in "Jurassic Park," according to a new oral history of the dinosaur disaster flick on Entertainment Weekly.
At the time, the rubber-faced comedian was best known for his work playing outrageous characters like Fire Marshall Bill on Fox's "In Living Color," but was not yet a household name. When the film was casting in 1992, he was two years away from his breakout role in "Ace Ventura: Pet Detective."
However, he impressed the "Jurassic Park" team with his audition for the role of Ian Malcolm, the mathematician and chaos theoretician so brilliantly portrayed by Jeff Goldblum.
"I read the book and I thought of Jeff Goldblum right away," Janet Hirshenon, the film's casting director, recalled. "There were several other people we taped for the part, though. Jim Carrey had come in and he was terrific, too, but I think pretty quickly we all loved the idea of Jeff."
The film also can thank a big-name guardian angel for steering Laura Dern to the project. The actress had just scored an Oscar nomination for her starring role in "Rambling Rose" when she was approached for the project.
"I was talking with Nicolas Cage, and we had just done 'Wild at Heart' together, and I said to him, 'Nic, they want to put me on the phone with Steven Spielberg, but they want to talk to me about a dinosaur movie?,'" Dern said. "And he was like, 'You are doing a dinosaur movie! No one can ever say no to a dinosaur movie!' I was like, 'Really?' And he's like, 'Are you kidding? It's a dream of my life to do a movie with dinosaurs!' So he was such an influence on me."
"Jurassic Park" gets a 3D re-release this week.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/jim-carrey-considered-jurassic-park-other-fun-dino-213628092.html
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Apr. 4, 2013 ? NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has found the farthest supernova so far of the type used to measure cosmic distances. Supernova UDS10Wil, nicknamed SN Wilson after American President Woodrow Wilson, exploded more than 10 billion years ago.
SN Wilson belongs to a special class called Type Ia supernovae. These bright beacons are prized by astronomers because they provide a consistent level of brightness that can be used to measure the expansion of space. They also yield clues to the nature of dark energy, the mysterious force accelerating the rate of expansion.
"This new distance record holder opens a window into the early universe, offering important new insights into how these stars explode," said David O. Jones of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md., an astronomer and lead author on the paper detailing the discovery. "We can test theories about how reliable these detonations are for understanding the evolution of the universe and its expansion."
The discovery was part of a three-year Hubble program, begun in 2010, to survey faraway Type Ia supernovae and determine whether they have changed during the 13.8 billion years since the explosive birth of the universe. Astronomers took advantage of the sharpness and versatility of Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 to search for supernovae in near-infrared light and verify their distance with spectroscopy. Leading the work is Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Md., and Johns Hopkins University.
Finding remote supernovae provides a powerful method to measure the universe's accelerating expansion. So far, Riess's team has uncovered more than 100 supernovae of all types and distances, looking back in time from 2.4 billion years to more than 10 billion years. Of those new discoveries, the team has identified eight Type Ia supernovae, including SN Wilson, that exploded more than 9 billion years ago.
"The Type Ia supernovae give us the most precise yardstick ever built, but we're not quite sure if it always measures exactly a yard," said team member Steve Rodney of Johns Hopkins University. "The more we understand these supernovae, the more precise our cosmic yardstick will become."
Although SN Wilson is only 4 percent more distant than the previous record holder, it pushes roughly 350 million years farther back in time. A separate team led by David Rubin of the U.S. Energy Department's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California announced the previous record just three months ago.
Astronomers still have much to learn about the nature of dark energy and how Type Ia supernovae explode.
By finding Type Ia supernovae so early in the universe, astronomers can distinguish between two competing explosion models. In one model the explosion is caused by a merger between two white dwarfs. In another model, a white dwarf gradually feeds off its partner, a normal star, and explodes when it accretes too much mass.
The team's preliminary evidence shows a sharp decline in the rate of Type Ia supernova blasts between roughly 7.5 billion years ago and more than 10 billion years ago. The steep drop-off favors the merger of two white dwarfs because it predicts that most stars in the early universe are too young to become Type Ia supernovae.
"If supernovae were popcorn, the question is how long before they start popping?" Riess said. "You may have different theories about what is going on in the kernel. If you see when the first kernels popped and how often they popped, it tells you something important about the process of popping corn."
Knowing the type of trigger for Type Ia supernovae also will show how quickly the universe enriched itself with heavier elements such as iron. These exploding stars produce about half of the iron in the universe, the raw material for building planets, and life.
The team's results have been accepted for publication in an upcoming issue of The Astrophysical Journal.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Md., conducts Hubble science operations. The Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc., in Washington operates STScI.
For images and more information about SN Wilson, visit: http://hubblesite.org/news/2013/11
For more information about NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/hubble
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Space Telescope Science Institute.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/space_time/astronomy/~3/cl-Ju-mhiy0/130404104543.htm
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The term ?style? is thrown around a lot by writers, but it?s a misnomer for copywriters because ?style? doesn?t work in the extremely short attention economy of the internet.
Good copy isn?t necessarily ?stylish.?
But copy that establishes trust, authority, builds relationships, and gets people talking, sharing, and buying is in high demand.
A lack of style is what makes it work, so writers who master this ?style? are sought after and revered.
Legendary ad man David Ogilvy was one of those writers, and he said, ?A good advertisement is one which sells the product without drawing attention to itself.?
It sounds counterintuitive, but it holds up under pressure, and I?ll explain why great content marketing is built on that exact premise.
Your best copy needs to be ?display window clear,? and you need to be out there every morning with your Windex, to make sure it doesn?t distract from the product or service you provide for your clients and customers.
Every writer eventually reaches for a style guide to help them craft clear copy, and there are countless helpful rulebooks and list posts that offer writers advice about proper usage and consistent language.
Copyblogger actually has its own internal style guide, and members of the editorial crew often squabble about usage over (virtual) martinis.
I am also a big fan of the classic English guidebook, The Elements of Style by Strunk & White. The aged copy I keep handy is dog-eared and yellowing.
In it, William Strunk advises writers,
A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.
This is very solid advice for online publishers ? from 1918!
It was actually famed writer E. B. White who updated professor Strunk?s ?little? 43 page English rulebook in 1959.
He revived it from scholastic obscurity to become what Time magazine has called ?one of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923.?
E. B. White was more than a revered journalist (contributor to the New Yorker for 60 years), and award-winning children?s author (Charlotte?s Web).
He honed his writing style as a copywriter in the 1920s, and contributed what he learned to The Elements of Style re-issue in chapter V, ?An Approach to Style.?
It?s no secret why this revered text is so short, and so effective.
Mr. White edited the style guide with some reluctance, and was quoted years later as saying,
My role in the revival of Strunk?s book was a fluke ? just something I took on because I was not doing anything else at the time. It cost me a year out of my life, so little did I know about grammar.
White?s lack of grammatical knowledge did not prevent the guide from becoming a bestseller for the better part of the last 50 years.
In interviews, White wanted to remind writers that rules are meant to be broken, and that every writer has their own unique point of view and voice.
Style results more from what a person is than from what he knows.
In other words, every writer can memorize rules, but how you get people?s attention requires some creativity.
Don?t get too hung up on the rules, or your copy might end up sucking, and that would break the first rule of Copyblogger.
In honor of E. B. White I have updated Dean Rieck?s post The Ultimate Blogger Writing Guide.
This list is only a sampling of the vast amount of knowledge available to online publishers and content marketers, but they are a few things that have helped me most along the way.
What I present to you is an annotated guide to effective online copywriting ?style? ?
Every writer who wants to make an impact online must take this clinic.
There is only one reason your client or prospect will read a single word of the copy you?ve written: your headline. This is where you should spend 70% of your time.
Start with the 4 U?s:
Flourishes and variations of common words distract your readers and pull them out of the story you?re telling (unless your demographic is girls aged 7-13).
Avoid:
Tweets and text messages require some brevity, slang, and LOL acronyms, but connecting with your audience in longer copy requires fewer distractions.
One of the first lessons I learned as a writer at Copyblogger was to tone down my language.
Good copy cuts like a knife. When it?s action you?re after, avoid big words that make you sound like you?re trying too hard to sound smart or important.
E. B. White said it best,
Do not be tempted by a twenty-dollar word, when there is a ten-center handy ?
It is our job as copywriters to tap into the hopes, dreams, and fears of our audience. This requires research, and the magic of the word ?you.?
Proven to be one of the English language?s most powerful words, you can?t lose.
This is an indispensable tip for all bloggers and copywriters.
You must speak the language of your audience, and do it in a way that conveys you are a real person, with genuine interest in offering your help and expertise.
How else are your prospects going to get to know, like, and trust you?
How else are search engines going to recognize that you have the answers to peoples questions?
Research, research, research. Know your audience inside and out.
Outlines work! Even if you don?t have the energy or time to sketch out a simple AIDA outline, give yourself some idea of the goals you?d like to accomplish is helpful.
Even something as simple as a post-it-note with a few bullet points works. Successful writers use outlines. They don?t stifle creativity ? but they?re helpful in reminding you to stick to the point.
This is Copywriting 101 ? Precise language convinces; flowery language distracts.
Concise and specific copy moves the prospect along, but adjectives and adverbs are just filler.
The more descriptors you throw in there, the higher the chances are that someone with the attention span of a hummingbird will click away (unless you are describing the features of something technical).
Ogilvy is quoted as saying,
I am a lousy copywriter, but I am a good editor.
He would edit his first draft four or five times before showing it to a client, who would inevitably change it again.
Without clarity your copy is shot. Overwriting is a symptom of under thinking. Good copy is damn hard to write.
If you can?t explain it simply, you don?t understand it well enough.
~ Albert Einstein
Superlatives have the power to wreck your copy.
When you overstate or exaggerate your claims (with things like trumped-up testimonials), you risk losing the trust of your audience.
An understated promise often does a better job of capturing reader attention than screaming hype does.
Shine that display glass.
Do some editing. Then put it down and do something else. Then, come back and edit again.
I?ve found that printing something out on paper helps lessen distractions of a computer screen.
If a product sings when used correctly, but sinks if used improperly, then it is guilty of being both a songstress and an anchor, and this is very distracting.
Stick to one metaphor or the other, but not both in one sentence.
Make every word tell.
Delete the words that are just window dressing.
Copy is haiku,
simple yet evocative.
Don?t mess it up, please.
As an added bonus I?d like to share Tom Albrighton?s infographic I am a copywriter (thanks to Copyblogger?s VP of Operations Jessica Commins for finding it) ?
??
It sums it up rather nicely.
Funny how such simple blocks of text can communicate so much.
I especially dig the phrase ?Give me just a mo and I?ll give you le mot juste,? which is a French term for ?just the right word.?
Does it do the job it?s meant to? Drop your reactions into the comments.
PS. Let me reiterate that rules are meant to be broken, and I am as guilty as anyone. Cheers, see you out there.
About the Author: Kelton Reid is Director of Marketing for Copyblogger Media's StudioPress division, and an independent screenwriter, and novelist. Get more from Kelton on Twitter and Google+.
Source: http://www.copyblogger.com/short-guide-to-good-copy/
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KIEV, Ukraine (AP) ? Ukrainian lawmakers on Thursday held two competing parliament sessions after pro-government legislators stormed out of the official parliament hall and moved to a nearby building in response to a protest by opposition parties.
Opposition leader Arseniy Yatsenyuk called the move a "coup d'etat," branded the offsite parliamentary session unconstitutional and warned that the opposition was ready for an early parliamentary election.
The move was likely to throw Ukrainian politics into further turmoil. Parliament had been virtually paralyzed for months since the October legislative election, which gave a majority to the Party of Regions led by President Viktor Yanukovych. Opposition lawmakers have been paralyzing legislative work in protest of various government policies they consider to be undemocratic.
The president holds the power to dissolve parliament and force a new election.
The most recent protest erupted Tuesday and continued through Thursday morning. Opposition lawmakers had swarmed the podium of the Verkhovna Rada preventing the parliament speaker from starting a session in protest of the ruling party's refusal to call a mayoral election in Kiev. Kiev authorities had come under harsh criticism for failing to properly respond to a severe snowstorm that paralyzed the capital last week.
"It's as if they were making decisions in their own kitchens," Yatsenyuk said. "Any decision made outside the parliament building in an unconstitutional way is meaningless."
But analysts said the opposition's session held inside the official parliament hall but without the necessary quorum was also illegitimate. They predicted that the political crisis could escalate into dissolution of the Rada and fresh parliamentary elections.
"This is a split-up of Parliament, which can lead to its dissolution," said political analyst Volodymyr Fesenko. "Both sides, especially their leaders, have chosen the axes of war and they are ready to go to war."
On Thursday, the opposition continued to occupy the podium at the parliament building, while the pro-government legislators voted to approve to routine pieces of legislation.
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Earlier we reported that AT&T's version of the HTC One would be going on pre-sale sometime this week, and the GSM carrier has finally revealed its official plans: the flagship HTC device will be ready for pre-order online starting April 4th. Both the 32GB and 64GB models, which will be $200 and $300 respectively, will hit retail store shelves on April 19th. The carrier will also offer a free Media Link HD as part of the pre-sale bundle to sweeten the deal.
Developing...
Filed under: Cellphones, Wireless, Mobile, HTC, AT&T
Source: AT&T
Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/02/att-htc-one/
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EAT Club, a Palo Alto-based food delivery service launched in fall 2010, has raised $5 million in Series A funding, in a round led by August Capital. Also participating in the round were First Round Capital, Siemer Ventures, Great Oaks Venture Capital, Launch Capital, Tekton Ventures, Mark Vadon (Zulily and Blue Nile co-founder) and other angel investors.Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/Z0XbWfwy2us/
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After a half century of work, the benefits of Iran?s nuclear program remain few: It provides less than 2 percent of Iran?s energy needs and some medical isotopes and has demonstrated scientific prowess.
But the costs of the nuclear project have also been enormous: More than $100 billion in lost oil revenue and foreign investment alone, according to a report released today by two Washington think tanks.
?Sanctions have raised the cost of Iran?s nuclear pursuit. Yes, they are proceeding with their [program], but the cost is going up,? says Alireza Nader, an Iran analyst at the RAND Corporation in Washington, a security think tank not involved with the study.
The high cost of Iran?s nuclear effort ? which continues to grow, even under a US-engineered global sanctions regime ? have raised questions for years about Iran?s ultimate intent. Is it to show, as Iran?s top officials claim, that the ?revolutionary? Islamic Republic can defy sanctions, and Western and Israeli hostility, proving itself a ?model? of independence for other Islamic and developing countries?
Or is the only explanation for such dogged persistence that Iran is determined to achieve nuclear weapons capacity ? if not a weapon itself ? regardless of the cost and despite its own public rejection of nuclear weapons as un-Islamic?
?Iran?s nuclear program has deep roots. It cannot be ?ended? or ?bombed away',? ? making diplomacy the ?only long-term solution? to ensure it remains peaceful, conclude report authors Ali Vaez for the Federation of American Scientists, and Karim Sadjadpour of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington.
RECOMMENDED: How much do you know about Iran? Take our quiz to find out.
Iran has been ?overplaying" the nationalist aspects of its nuclear ambitions, rendering ?any significant nuclear retreat tantamount to an act of capitulation, if not political suicide,? the report says.
Meanwhile, ?Washington?s overwhelming focus on coercion and military threats has backed US policymakers into a rhetorical corner," it asserts.
In public and in ongoing nuclear talks, Washington must answer some key questions in order to persuade Iran and its public to consider a deal, says the report: ?What could Iranians collectively gain by a nuclear compromise, other than a reduction of sanctions and the threat of war? How could a more conciliatory Iranian approach improve the country?s economy and advance its technological ? including nuclear ? prowess??
DETERRENCE
The report is the first to tabulate the cost of Iran?s nuclear program, and therefore gauge its significance for the Islamic regime.
?It?s reasonable to argue that sanctions and pressures and diplomacy, positive and negative inducements ? if you don?t want to call them ?carrots and sticks? ? have a bearing on Iran?s calculations, because it?s not North Korea,? says Mr. Nader, whose recent work examines Iran?s motivations for continuing such a high-cost path.
?It gets lost in this town as to why they are pursuing this [nuclear] capability. It?s not to nuke Israel; they don?t want to nuke the US or Saudi Arabia, which makes zero sense,? says Nader. ?It?s deterrence, and you don?t hear US officials talk about their deterrent needs.?
The concerns of negotiators of the P5+1 group (the US, Russia, China, Britain, France and Germany) echo those of decades ago, when in the 1970s Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was a close ally and had carte blanche US military and diplomatic support.
Back then, Iran?s nuclear program saw a 12-fold increase in the number of nuclear scientists in just three years, the report notes, and the same questions were raised about Iran?s intentions: issues of sensitive technology, fuel stockpiles, and more safeguards to prevent any push for a bomb.
After the 1979 Islamic revolution, Iran?s nuclear effort was put on ice for years, dismissed by the new government as a costly hindrance imposed by the West, and finally buried when Iran?s revolutionary leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini said the unfinished power reactor at Bushehr should be used as ?silos to store wheat,? according to the report.
Still, after Iran?s nuclear program was resurrected in the mid-1980s, it absorbed Iranian assets. By one count, building the uranium enrichment facility at Natanz beneath 25 feet of concrete at one point consumed Iran?s entire concrete output.
MORE TO THE STORY
While the report notes that it is ?nearly impossible? to calculate the actual costs of Iran?s nuclear program, it gives examples of how some of Iran?s efforts do not make sense in a traditional cost-benefit analysis.
Iran has limited quantities of its own natural uranium, for example, such that even under the ?most optimistic variants? it would only have enough known supplies to fuel its sole reactor at Bushehr for nine years. If ?total known and speculative resources? are counted, at most Iran could run seven reactors for less than a decade, according to the report.
And, by some estimates, relying on nuclear fuel enriched domestically could cost Iran $125 million more per year than buying fuel on the international market.
According to the report, Bushehr today provides just 2 percent of Iran?s electricity needs ? and 15 percent of the electricity that courses through the national grid ?is lost through old and ill-maintained transmission lines.?
Separately, the report adds, Iran?s solar energy potential may be 13 times higher than the country?s ?total energy needs.?
?I ask myself the question: Why is the regime in its entirety ready to pay such a high price, and make such great sacrifices, if there is no military component?? asks Ali Alfoneh, an Iran specialist at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies in Washington.
TOO FAR ALONG TO GIVE IN
In the 1970s, France, assisted by the US and others, helped Iran develop nuclear technology that might have led eventually to an Iranian bomb. The prospect did not raise alarms like it would today.
?The Shah?s regime had a responsible foreign and security policy, and ? was not perceived as a threat, despite the fact it was militarily superior to many of the neighbors,? says Mr. Alfoneh. But the Islamic Republic ?has managed in the course of the last 34 years to be perceived as the greatest threat in the region, because of the policy of exporting the revolution, the rhetoric of Iranian leaders, [and] irresponsible measures," he says.
The big investment made by Iran already means it is not likely to be negotiated away, says Mr. Vaez ? who is now with the International Crisis Group ? and Mr. Sadjadpour, in their report.
?Many members of the US Congress will continue to demand that Iran be left with ?no capability? to produce nuclear weapons,? including halting all enrichment, the report states.
But this is ?not essential from a nonproliferation standpoint? to limit Iran?s program, it continues. ?More importantly, there is virtually no chance that Iran will abdicate what it and many developing countries now insist is a right ? a right to enrichment.?
RECOMMENDED: How much do you know about Iran? Take our quiz to find out.
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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/much-nuclear-program-worth-iran-well-over-100-171221923.html
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For my low tech visual aid and report conclusions I plan on using a handout. The handout will give a brief and simple performance comparison between two supersonic transport aircraft. One will have fixed wings and one will have variable sweep wings. The results should speak for themselves and should support everything my report has made conclusions about.
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Source: http://com221h.wordpress.com/2013/03/31/low-tech-visual-aid-4/
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Source: http://damsel-sylphlike.blogspot.com/2013/04/low-tech-visual-aid-technical-writing.html
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Users can create their own library by setting up playlists adding albums, artists and radio channels.
The app does not restrict the number of times that users listen to a track, providing a seamless experience for users looking for high quality Arabic music on their devices.
Within the Gulf, Samsung has been committed to developing local Arabic language content applications for its consumers. Samsung currently features over 400 applications that have been tailored to consumers in the Gulf, which can be downloaded to Samsung's smart devices.
The Yala application's availability on Samsung's SMART TVs is a new development offering consumers the ability to stream and enjoy Arabic music content from the comfort of their home. The Yala App is also available on Samsung Smart Phones and Tablets for Free.
"We welcome the introduction of Yala to our growing list of Arabic applications available for our consumers. We have witnessed a huge interest in localized applications on our SMART TVs, with the top downloaded apps in the region featuring those with Arabic content," said Mr. Vinod Nair, General Manager, AV Business at Samsung Gulf Electronics.
"We are placing a focus this year on increasing the amount of local content available on our SMART TVs and providing new and more integrated experiences for our consumers in the Gulf," he added.
"We're excited about this special partnership with Samsung SMART TVs which delivers the Yala experience with an amazing innovative quality, in every living room around the world. With this unique deal, Yala users can now access legal, free and unlimited music through their TV sets," said Mr Patrick Chassany, Founder and CEO of Yala Music.
"With this alliance, users will enjoy rich audio and video content, gaining access to the largest digital catalogue of Arabic music at home," he added.
Samsung has recently extended its Video and Audio content offering consumers in the region a wider variety of entertainment content. Smart TV Video and Audio apps are increasing in popularity in the region; Samsung's TV division expects that this trend will continue growing into 2013 with recent research indicating that from the total time spent using Smart TV applications, 88% of the respondents time is being dedicated to video streaming and audio almost 90 minutes a day.
Source: http://www.ameinfo.com/samsung-launches-yala-smart-tvs-335947
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If you'd like to send me photos to include in next week's "pets on furniture" post, please ensure your photos follow my basic rules: First, the pet must be on a piece of furniture. And?said piece of furniture must be clearly visible in the photo, so it takes center stage rather than your pet.?Think of it more of a photo of a great piece of furniture that you want to show off...and your pet happens to be sitting on it. And second, the photo must be of?decent quality.?If it's dark or fuzzy then it may not make the cut. Photos, your name, location and a brief description can be sent to desiretoinspirekim@hotmail.com and?PLEASE don't send closeups of your pet!?Thanks!
Here's a photo of our French bulldog, Toby, enjoying our new gallery wall.
- Gloria?(Brooklyn, NY)?
Marlo, our Grand pug loves this chair.
- Marilyn (Regina, Saskatchewan)
This is Milo, our Sphynx Siamese sitting in my hat basket on my set of drawers from Basement.
- Jennifer (Auckland, NZ)
Here is Pico lounging on my fabulous bamboo coffee table by WONK.
- Diana
Here is a pic of 'Brorsan' with a cushion from Picok Stockholm, sitting on an Ikea footstool.
- Jon & Maria (Sweden)
Our cat Meez (left) made the journey with us back from Thailand to live in Saskatchewan. We think his time on the streets taught him how to share with other animals. Earl Grey (right) takes full advantage of his friendly nature. Life in the cat condo is content for everyone.
- Jacquie
Here are our spoiled fur-babies, Roscoe, the brindle pit bull/boxer, and Leila, the tuxedoed pit bull/Labrador retreiver enjoying a siesta on the new dog bed, a.k.a. our new futon lounger.
- Lacy & Jamison (Sacramento, CA)
Pets in Wok? :-)
- Veronika (Vienna, Austria)?
And a couple I snapped over the weekend that are up on my page as well.... (featuring Mimin and Lucky)
Source: http://www.desiretoinspire.net/blog/2013/4/1/mondays-pets-on-furniture.html
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Source: http://the-gadgeteer.com/2013/03/31/built-smartphone-envelope-is-a-smart-go-to-lunch-wallet/
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FILE ? In this Jan. 29, 2007 file photo, Indian police officers block demonstrators protesting against Swiss drugmaker Novartis AG's case against the Indian government on drug patents in New Delhi, India. India's Supreme Court is to rule Monday, April 1, 2013, whether to deny a patent to Novartis AG for its cancer treatment in a landmark case that would allow Indian companies to continue producing cheaper versions of many lifesaving medicines. (AP Photo/Saurabh Das, File)
FILE ? In this Jan. 29, 2007 file photo, Indian police officers block demonstrators protesting against Swiss drugmaker Novartis AG's case against the Indian government on drug patents in New Delhi, India. India's Supreme Court is to rule Monday, April 1, 2013, whether to deny a patent to Novartis AG for its cancer treatment in a landmark case that would allow Indian companies to continue producing cheaper versions of many lifesaving medicines. (AP Photo/Saurabh Das, File)
FILE - In this Dec. 21, 2012 file photo, an Indian activist from a health group holds a placard while participating in a protest against Swiss drugmaker Novartis AG outside their office in Mumbai, India. India's Supreme Court is to rule Monday, April 1, 2013, whether to deny a patent to Novartis AG for its cancer treatment in a landmark case that would allow Indian companies to continue producing cheaper versions of many lifesaving medicines. (AP Photo/Rajanish Kakade, File)
NEW DELHI (AP) ? India's Supreme Court is to rule Monday on a landmark patent case involving Swiss drugmaker Novartis AG that focuses on demands by major companies that their investments be protected, against Indian companies that say they should be allowed to continue producing cheaper generic versions of many lifesaving medicines.
A decision in the seven-year legal battle is keenly awaited by the two most interested parties? big pharma companies and health aid groups ? with both sides saying the outcome will set a precedent with far-reaching consequences for the future availability of the drugs.
"Across the world, people rely on India for supplies of affordable versions of expensive patented medicines," said Leena Menghaney of Doctors Without Borders. "This case will have fundamental consequences."
The case goes back to 2006 when Novartis' application for a fresh patent in India for its cancer drug imatinib mesylate was rejected by the Indian patent office.
The patent authority cited a legal provision in India's 2005 patent law aimed at preventing companies from getting fresh patents for making only minor changes to existing medicines ? a practice known as "evergreening."
The drugmaker has argued that its leukemia drug Gleevec, known in Europe and India as Glivec, was a newer, more easily absorbed version that qualified for a fresh patent.
The company filed an appeal, but India's patent appeals office turned it down in 2009 on the grounds the company was unable to show significant increase in efficacy of the drug.
Novartis then approached the Supreme Court in August 2009, which heard arguments seeking to challenge the interpretation and application of India's patent law in the case.
Gleevec, used in treating chronic myeloid leukemia and some other cancers, costs a patient about $2,600 a month. Its generic version was available in India for around $175 per month.
"The difference in price was huge. The generic version makes it affordable to so many more poor people, not just in India, but across the world," said Y.K. Sapru, of the Mumbai-based Cancer Patients Aid Association.
The case once again pits big pharmaceutical companies against health activists and aid groups with both sections arguing that the judgment would be an important milestone for the future of the pharmaceutical industry worldwide.
"The Novartis verdict is important because it will determine whether India gets to limit patents to genuine new drugs, or whether drug companies get to "evergreen" their patents until eternity, simply by re-patenting a slightly modified version of a known substance," said Ellen 't Hoen, a pharmaceutical law and policy consultant.
Western pharmaceutical companies have warned that a rejection of Novartis' application would discourage investment in research and innovation, and would hobble drugmakers' efforts to refine and improve their products.
The international drug majors have been pushing for stronger patent protection in India to regulate the country's $26 billion generic drug industry, which they say often flouts intellectual property rights.
In a statement sent to The Associated Press late last year, Novartis said patent protection was important to ensure effective protection for innovation.
"Knowing we can rely on patents in India benefits government, industry and patients because research-based organizations will know if investing in the development of better medicines for India is a viable long-term option," the company said.
Groups such as Doctors Without Borders say cheaply made Indian generics are a lifesaver for millions of patients in poor countries who cannot afford to pay Western prices to treat diseases such as cancer, malaria and HIV.
India, which has emerged as the world's pharmacy for the poor, has come under intense scrutiny from pharmaceutical giants who say India's 2005 Patent Act fails to guarantee the rights of investors who finance drug research and development.
The country's recent decision to allow a local manufacturer to produce a generic version of Bayer's patented cancer drug Nexavar, to make the drug available to the public at a reasonably affordable price, has also not gone down well with Western pharmaceutical companies.
Health and aid groups were clearly nervous before the top court rules on the Novartis case.
"Generic companies depend on the freedom to operate. If there are too many intellectual property-related challenges, then the companies very quickly withdraw from making that drug," said Menghaney.
The groups fear that a ruling in favor of Novartis would lead to a proliferation of patents ? some based on a minor tweaking of formulation and dosages ?on dozens of other generic medicines that Indian companies have been producing and supplying to needy nations at far lower costs than those charged by Western drug manufacturers.
And the fallout of the judgment will be felt across the world, says Menghaney. "It's not just about India."
"If generic competition on many crucial medicines ends, then prices for these medicines will increase, both in India and across the developing world. This would be devastating for millions who rely on India for affordable medicines."
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